---
title: "Tokenized stocks, explained for developers: how xStocks, Dinari, and Robinhood Chain work"
description: "Tokenized stocks explained for developers: what backs xStocks, Dinari dShares, and Robinhood stock tokens, how each works onchain, and what to watch for."
---

# Tokenized stocks, explained for developers: how xStocks, Dinari, and Robinhood Chain work

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  src="https://media.alchemy.com/blog/tokenized-stocks-hero.png"
  alt="Tokenized stocks, explained for developers"
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Tokenized stocks had a big summer. Robinhood [launched a public blockchain built for them](https://robinhood.com/us/en/newsroom/robinhood-accelerates-global-expansion-robinhood-chain-mainnet-stock-tokens-agentic-trading/) in July. Nasdaq has [SEC approval](https://www.sec.gov/files/rules/sro/nasdaq/2026/34-105047.pdf) to trade tokenized shares alongside regular ones. Onchain, the market has grown to [$2.4 billion held by more than a million wallets](https://app.rwa.xyz/stocks).

Tokenized stocks are blockchain tokens tied to real shares. The three platforms developers run into first are xStocks, Dinari, and Robinhood Chain, and each is built differently. xStocks is a freely transferable certificate token that lives mostly in Solana DeFi. Dinari is a regulated US broker-dealer wrapped in an API. [Robinhood](https://www.alchemy.com/rpc/robinhood) built an entire Ethereum layer 2. How each one holds the real shares decides everything else about it, from the token standard to how a stock split hits your indexer.

## What is a tokenized stock?

A tokenized stock is a blockchain token whose value tracks a real, exchange-listed share. An issuer buys the share through a broker, holds it with a custodian, and mints a token against it one for one. The token then moves and trades onchain, while the underlying share stays parked in a brokerage or custody account.

Today's products mint against custodied shares. The synthetic stock tokens of earlier cycles only tracked prices through collateralized derivatives, and they collapsed with the platforms that issued them. It is the same pattern behind other forms of [digital asset tokenization](https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/digital-asset-tokenization), applied to equities.

A tokenized stock is usually not the share itself, though. What the token legally represents varies by issuer, and that single question drives almost every technical difference between the three platforms below.

## What actually backs a tokenized stock?

All three platforms hold real shares somewhere. Where they differ is the legal wrapper between you and those shares.

- **A tracker certificate.** xStocks are issued by [Backed Assets](https://assets.backed.fi/) as tokenized tracker certificates under a prospectus filed with Liechtenstein's regulator. Each token is a claim on the certificate's value, redeemable for cash value, with the shares held one to one at third-party custodians.
- **The stock itself, held by a regulated intermediary.** [Dinari](https://dinari.com/) is an SEC-registered transfer agent, and its subsidiary Dinari Securities is a [FINRA-member broker-dealer](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/08/04/3338495/0/en/dinari-inc-opens-platform-licenses-to-u-s-financial-institutions.html). When you buy a dShare, Dinari buys the underlying stock in a custodial brokerage account, so the token maps to a share you beneficially own.
- **A debt security.** Robinhood's current stock tokens are [tokenized debt securities](https://robinhood.com/us/en/newsroom/robinhood-accelerates-global-expansion-robinhood-chain-mainnet-stock-tokens-agentic-trading/) that give holders economic exposure to the underlying stock, not legal rights in it.

The wrapper also decides who can buy. xStocks and Robinhood's tokens are not offered to US persons, while Dinari's broker-dealer route is built for them.

## How do xStocks work?

xStocks are the DeFi-native model. Backed mints [more than 700 tokenized stocks and ETFs](https://xstocks.com/) across Solana, Ethereum, BNB Chain, and several other networks, and the tokens are freely transferable to any wallet. No allowlist gates a secondary transfer, which is why they show up in DEX pools and lending markets rather than staying inside one exchange.

Most of the activity lives on Solana, where the [Solana Foundation's case study](https://solana.com/news/case-study-xstocks) puts roughly 93% of xStocks value. Each token there is an SPL Token-2022 mint, and two of its extensions matter if you integrate them:

- **Splits update a scale factor.** A stock split does not mint new tokens to every holder. The issuer changes one multiplier and wallets show the new share-equivalent balance.
- **Backed can pause or seize tokens.** The token can be frozen in an emergency, and a permanent delegate lets Backed move or burn tokens under a lawful order. Holding xStocks in your own wallet does not put them out of the issuer's reach.

Reserves are checked constantly. An independent attestor reads the custody accounts [every 10 minutes, and Chainlink Proof of Reserve publishes onchain](https://backed.fi/news-updates/chainlink-proof-of-reserve-is-now-active) daily or whenever reserves move more than 10%.

Because the tokens transfer freely, they plug straight into DeFi. [Kamino accepts xStocks as lending collateral](https://gov.kamino.finance/t/kamino-is-integrating-xstocks-powered-by-the-chainlink-data-standard-to-enable-tokenized-equities-lending/792), and it only accepts off-hours prices within a band around the last close, because the token trades all weekend while the stock it tracks does not. Our [Solana infrastructure](https://www.alchemy.com/blog/solana-infrastructure) and [gRPC streaming](https://www.alchemy.com/solana-grpc) handle those reads and real-time transfers at scale.

## How do Dinari dShares work?

Dinari is built for fintechs and brokerages rather than DEX traders. You integrate an API, not a liquidity pool. When a user buys a dShare, the order fills at Dinari's brokerage partner first and the token is minted to their wallet after the fill. Selling runs backward, burning the token before the money moves.

The onchain side stays deliberately boring. A dShare is an upgradeable ERC-20 on [Ethereum, Arbitrum, Base, Avalanche, and other EVM networks](https://docs.dinari.com/docs/blockchain), and its [transfer restriction contract](https://github.com/dinaricrypto/sbt-contracts/blob/main/src/TransferRestrictor.sol) only blocks flagged addresses, nothing more. There is no allowlist, so the token moves wallet to wallet like any [ERC-20](https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/erc20-solidity). The compliance work lives in the API, where creating orders, registering a wallet, and receiving dividends all require a verified identity.

The two gotchas come from the equity side. A stock split changes every wallet's balance [with no transfer event](https://docs.dinari.com/docs/stock-split-handling), so re-read balances instead of trusting transfer logs. Dividends arrive as USD+, Dinari's dollar stablecoin, and [only KYC-verified wallets receive them](https://docs.dinari.com/docs/dividend-payments).

That broker-dealer core is also what lets [US financial institutions license the platform](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/08/04/3338495/0/en/dinari-inc-opens-platform-licenses-to-u-s-financial-institutions.html) and offer tokenized stocks to US customers, something no offshore issuer can offer.

## How do Robinhood stock tokens and Robinhood Chain work?

Robinhood did not stop at issuing tokens. It built its own chain to trade them on. [Robinhood Chain went live on mainnet on July 1, 2026](https://robinhood.com/us/en/newsroom/robinhood-accelerates-global-expansion-robinhood-chain-mainnet-stock-tokens-agentic-trading/) as an Ethereum layer 2 on the Arbitrum stack, purpose-built for tokenized real-world assets but [fully permissionless to deploy on](https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/launch-a-memecoin-on-robinhood-chain).

The token design is the cleanest of the three to integrate. Each stock token is a [standard ERC-20 with a scaled UI extension](https://docs.robinhood.com/chain/building-with-stock-tokens), a multiplier that converts raw balances into share-equivalent amounts. Splits and similar corporate actions arrive as multiplier updates rather than rebases, so raw supply never moves. Minting and burning are restricted to KYB-verified authorized participants, the same structure ETFs use, while everyone else trades the float on DEXs.

Price feeds come with the chain. Every stock token ships with a dedicated [Chainlink feed that is already multiplier-adjusted](https://docs.robinhood.com/chain/building-with-stock-tokens), so a lending protocol or tracker reads one feed per asset and never applies the corporate-action math twice.

We work on this one directly. [Alchemy supports Robinhood Chain](https://www.alchemy.com/blog/robinhood-chain-mainnet-is-live-on-alchemy), and Robinhood's own [connection docs](https://docs.robinhood.com/chain/connecting) point developers to our dedicated [low-latency Robinhood Chain RPC endpoints](https://www.alchemy.com/blog/robinhood-chain-rpc-low-latency), with webhooks and the Data API available on the chain from day one.

## How do the three models compare?

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## What should you watch when building against tokenized stocks?

- **The same ticker is many different tokens.** An Apple xStock on Solana, a Dinari Apple dShare on Base, and a Robinhood Apple token are three unrelated assets from three issuers with three legal wrappers. They are not fungible with each other, and a tracker that keys on ticker symbols alone will merge things it should not.
- **Corporate actions do not emit transfer events.** All three platforms process splits by changing a scale factor or rebasing balances. If your indexer only follows transfer logs, balances will silently drift after the first split. Re-read balances after corporate actions, and on Robinhood Chain index the multiplier-update events directly.
- **Markets close but chains keep trading.** Pools keep trading nights and weekends while the reference market sits still, so onchain prices drift from the last close and snap back at the next open. Serious integrations handle this the way lending markets do, with oracle prices clamped off-hours and a market-open flag in the feed.
- **Issuers keep control hooks.** A pause switch and seizure delegate on xStocks, a blacklist on dShares, and AP-only minting on Robinhood Chain. None of this blocks normal use, but your contract or app should behave sanely if a token pauses mid-transaction.
- **KYC applies at issuance and redemption, not at transfers.** On all three platforms, tokens move permissionlessly between wallets while issuance and redemption require verified identity. On Dinari, receiving dividends does too. Know which side of that line your feature sits on before you design it.

Nearly all of that list is monitoring work. Watching transfers, balance changes, and oracle updates across several chains is the bulk of the integration, and [webhooks](https://www.alchemy.com/webhooks) plus a periodic balance re-read cover it.

## Track tokenized stocks across every chain they live on

The integration work above is mostly reading several chains well, and that is the part we handle. Create a free app in the [dashboard](https://dashboard.alchemy.com/) and you get [RPC access](https://www.alchemy.com/rpc-api) to Solana, Ethereum, Base, Arbitrum, BNB Chain, and [Robinhood Chain](https://www.alchemy.com/docs/reference/robinhood-chain-api-quickstart) on the endpoints Robinhood's docs recommend. No contracts, no waitlist, no minimum commitment.

From there, the [Data API](https://www.alchemy.com/docs/data) returns token balances and transfer history for portfolio views, [webhooks](https://www.alchemy.com/webhooks) push every tokenized-stock transfer to your backend as it lands, and [Solana gRPC streaming](https://www.alchemy.com/solana-grpc) covers the venue where most xStocks volume happens.